The Sun Maker Magazine: Bringing Nature back, to the people.
Where do rocks come from? How much energy is available in the reserves? How does the Planet cycle the elements of Earth, and what does this tell us about our future? Out of sight, the geochemical processes account for the cycle of the elements of the lithosphere. We may not see them happen, but almost everything we use, comes from the Earth’s Crust above which we walk every day. The Earth’s Crust is 70 kilometres deep and no human drilling has every been able to penetrate it completely. Under the Earth’s Crust dwells the Mantle, the very magma core of the Earth. The igneous process of rock formation and the consequences of abiotic factors are some of the fundamentals of geology. This knowledge is also used in all mineral developments. Understanding the types of soils, its pH, the thermal capacity, drainage, composition, behaviours and characteristics of soils is essential for agriculture. The process of mineral crystallization, weathering, sedimentation and fossilization reveal, key information. Telling a story, geologists have gained their respected and deserved place in many fields of studies. Carbon burns with human development since the Industrialization Era. Rocks brought down from the moon have spoken in this language revealing genesis and astrophysical answers to long standing questions. Fossil fuels from the deep reserves of the lithosphere drive the entire Human "energy" cycle. How do all these elements connect to form the Lithosphere and the element Lithosphere? Discover a world where non living elements, provide the sparkle for the fire of life. In this geological approach, focused on science and up to date biological, chemical and physical techniques, understanding human developments is understanding the impacts on use and abuse and the enzymatic consequence of Global Warming. Travelling through the deep oceanic floors, to the tectonic shifting plates, the language of rocks, soils, minerals, fossil, mountains, volcanoes and earthquakes reveal times that are long gone, and the continuation leading to this present time. This is... unlocking the lithosphere.
Images Creative Commons Sharealike. Indonesia Subregion Name: Lesser Sunda Islands Volcano Number: 0604-01- Image by Jessy CE and Valle de Luna.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Whoever tells you that the lithosphere is not extensively used by human in their “developments” is either covering a fact, or just blind as a bat, but sleak in the night as well. The structure of the stage of life is all around us, rocks, minerals and metals rule this dimension. Walking though the city, the massive use of the elements that compose the lithosphere becomes evident, but is often overlooked. The buildings that reach for the sky, bricks, and granite, the constructions rise. Since ancient times of pyrmaid construction. In the storm, as we walk we open our eyes, the rain falls down on the city, and spreads through the outer limits. The elements air, fire, or water are unlike the solid and structure earthly element. Click on title to read more (soon is Español) Image Creative Commons. Chicago Downtown.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The input and output factors of the Lithosphere, are the extensive ways in which the Planet crust and its magma relate to generate, process, recreate, filter, and cycle the elements that compose the lithosphere. From lithification, sedimentation and metamorphism, to igneous activity the clarity of these sometimes processes is by no means equivalent to the magnitude of its power and consequences. Click on title or image to read more... (soon in Español) Image Public Domain. United States Geological Survey.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The rate of weathering in desert areas is mostly limited by abiotic. The type of soil which is generally too sandy, becomes too hot, limited rain, limited amount of chemical processes, limited amount of mechanical weathering, soil compactation, high Albedo, and climate all influence the slow rate of weathering in the desert areas It is easy to image the weathering of rocks affected by all the elements of the biosphere. Time constructs mountains. Earth’s rotation affect the movement of tides through the days and seasons. The ice age and the granite elevations, the sand stone blown off, the sun hitting and the decaying organic realm. As bacteria nitrifies, and fossils well.. fossilise, the earth is constantly moving, but standing still. Read more click on title or image (soon in Español) Image Ischigualasto o Valle de la Luna, formación el hongo, provincia de San Juan, Argertina. M.Bustos. GNU Free Documentation License.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Living organisms are made of elements, such as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, being carbon one of the most important elements. It is the only element that can form long chains of atoms creating compounds for life when combining with other elements. Carbon bonding between atoms is very strong and requires high energy to be broken. But there is only a limited amount of Carbon molecules available in the Biosphere, therefore Carbon cycles in natural reciprocity to nourish all levels of life. The main source of carbon is Carbon dioxide present in 0.038% in the Atmosphere. Life on Earth removes 1/3 of this amount per year, which is replaced in the Carbon Cycle. (variations account for dynamic equilibrium being unbalanced and are the cause of Global Warming). Read more click on image or title. Smokestacks from a wartime production plant, World War II. Image Alfred Palmer. Public Domain.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"If the atmosphere is thunder, cyclones and lightning, the lithosphere is earthquake, volcanoes and breaches". The cycles of the inorganic beings are understandable cycles, with much questions to be questioned and answered, but still a perplex and mysterious perfection. The Earth element is unique, like no other and overlooked like no other. It supports life like no other. It is non living like no other. It is moving and like no other. It is hidden, everywhere. Read more click on image or title (soon in Español). Image creative commons.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Previously in The Sun Maker Front Line Magazine: H20 "The Element Hydrosphere"
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In this interview, meet Jo-Anne Sewlal, volunteer at Environment TOBAGO (www.environmenttobago.net). The NGO, Environment TOBAGO takes part in the International Coastal Cleanup. Jo-Anne Sewlal writes a weekly environmental column in one of the national newspapers on behalf of Environment Tobago where she also edits and writes for their quarterly newsletter. Jo-Anne Sewlal is a PhD student at the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, where she studies arachnology. Her research focuses on the biodiversity of spiders of Trinidad and Tobago and the Eastern Caribbean. Her research can be found online in her webpage (www.caribbeanspiders.com). The Caribbean Network for Integrated Rural Developmenthas since 2002 been the Trinidad and Tobago National Coordinator of the International Coastal Clean-Up. The work of coast cleaning is not only a Environmental Clean up action, but a documentation of the growing situation of ocean pollution and contamination. What does the NPC Project tell us about the actual Global Environmental Crisis? What secrets can be found about the world policies in the beaches of Tobago? Enter this world through the on-ground, experienced and on-location vision of Jo-Anne Sewlal.Click on image or title to read more, or click here for Español.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In this interview meet James Cooper, working from Bermuda. He agreed to this virtual interview and answered the Sun Maker´s questions with simple but deep words, much like his images. His work can be called unique, filled with questions, contrasts and beauty. James images are unexpected images to think and contemplate. These images generate a feeling, which can not be put in words, but must be experienced. James Cooper speaks about his work, his environment, his past and his future. Words and images, this is the photographic interview, going underwater with James Cooper. (Image © James Cooper). Click on image or title to read more, or click here for Español.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The growth of demographics is the single reason why water demand will increase, however the growth of demographics can be ramificated into several different issues.The water conservation issue can only be “solved” once we comprehend water, where does it come from? How much water is in the reservoirs? How much of that is at our disposition? How much does a city, or local area use? Where is water main sources going to? What is the value of input of water and the value of output? Where is water lost? What reservoirs can not be used, which ones can be used and at what degree can those be used?The problem can only be provided once all the information is out for everyone to properly act on it. Click on image or title to read more or click here for Español.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The main disadvantage of Desalination of water is that it requires vast amounts of energy, making desalination a very expensive process. This is due to the lack of creativity in providing new ways to desalinate the water of the oceans, or body of waters affected by salt waters. A sitting of a reservoir is a complex natural system to analysis. Aquifers which are overused face the dangerous consequences of drying up. This is the most important consequence of an aquifer being overused. If the aquifer dries us, this will lead to massive changes in the area and habitat. Earth shifting movements, collapse and dry up of vegetation, with all the consequences which this implies, from migration of life forms to diseases can rise if an aquifer is overused and dried up. Click on image or title to read more or click for Español.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reservoirs have a direct effect on vegetation and animal organisms as well as in the bacterial life of an area and a major influence in geology, moisture and humidity of land. Reservoirs also change the weather of an area, making them more “filled with H20” molecules. Flocculation also called coagulation and clarification is the addition of flocculants such as alum or polyelecctrolytes. This is a treatment done to water in order to remove impurities. What are the basic scientific techniques used to treat and purify water in the first steps? Read more, click on image or title or click here to read in Español
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The discharge of the river will be influenced by the amount of rain, however more vegetation implies more transpiration, which implies more precipitation, this is a positive feedback mechanism. This issue is a major problem in South America, recent floods of Brazil, Argentina and other South American countries are a true manifestation of the question posed here. It must be noted that these floods have caused thousands of people become homeless, millions in property damages, destruction of towns, destruction of agriculture lands and deaths. Read more, click on image or title or click here to read in Español.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How much time does water remain in lakes, underwater, or in rivers? The average residence of time for water within a lake is of 50 to 100 years. Compared to Groundwater it is low, groundwater average residence time is of 100 years to up to 10,000 years. Infiltration is by definition in this case, The water or fluid that has entered another substance. For example the precipitation that enters the soil and flows down through the soil and permeable rock by percolation until it reaches an impermeable rock layer, does so by Infiltration. Run-off is the amount or volume of water that reaches the oceans, lakes, streams or other form of body of water. Read more on water movements click on image or title or click for Español.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The atmosphere is a layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. The Lower Atmosphere, is composed by three layers called the troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere. These three layers extend to 85 kilometres from the ground to space. After these layers comes the Thermosphere and the Exposphere where gases dissolve into outer space. The Earth's atmosphere is very complex, to fully understand it by reading a simple article is to pretend too much. However the basics of this information do provide a good starting point. The Earth's Atmosphere is your individual Horizon, and is much more. Click the image or title to read more or click here for Español.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Check out the Sun Maker: Echoes of Infinity, Land of Success and Excess, The Dreams Special, Wildlife eyes on Preservation, the Emergency Specials and much more in our: News Stories
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
